Bolthole Index

Hillsborough County, New Hampshire

Building permits, zoning and septic rules in Hillsborough County, New Hampshire

68Index Score / 100
#7 of 10 in New Hampshire

Hillsborough County, New Hampshire has no countywide building department: covered construction must comply with the state building and fire codes and needs a permit, generally through the city or town's process12. Each city and town sets its own zoning, and the county does not3. Septic permits for every address in the county, city or town alike, go through the New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services, with local approval also required where local rules say so45.

At a glance

Building permit
Required for covered work; follow the city or town process rather than a county process26
Zoning authority
Set town by town, not by the county; Manchester's Zoning Ordinance is one example73
Septic permits
NHDES administers approvals and inspections statewide; local officials may also have authority4
Owner-builder (septic)
A homeowner may build their own domicile's septic system if they certify 2 years of occupancy and hire a permitted designer or installer to certify it8
RV on your land
Long-term private-land occupancy is not confirmed countywide; ask the parcel's municipality7
Off-grid toilets
A composting or incinerator toilet needs no DES approval if the structure has no internal plumbing or water service9
Public sewer hookup
Required instead of a septic system if a public sewer runs within 100 feet of the building10

Who to call

Building permits

City of Manchester Planning and Community Development — Building Division

Building code administration, permit approval, field inspections, Zoning Ordinance enforcement, and certificates of occupancy for the City of Manchester — the largest city in Hillsborough County, cited here as a labeled example; every other city or town in the county has its own office

(603) 624-6450

pcd@manchesternh.gov

One City Hall Plaza, West Wing, Manchester, NH 03101

Septic permits

New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services — Subsurface Systems Bureau

Reviews septic system design plans and issues the Approval for Septic System Construction and Approval for Operation required statewide, including for every town in Hillsborough County

(603) 271-3503

29 Hazen Drive, Concord, NH 03302-0095

Also useful

Hillsborough County Board of Commissioners

Countywide governing board; oversees corrections, the nursing home, human resources and county property, not building, zoning or land-use permitting, which sit entirely with each city or town

(603) 627-5602

329 Mast Road, Suite 120, Goffstown, NH 03045

Also useful

Hillsborough County Cities & Towns Directory

Lists every city and town Hillsborough County serves, the starting point for finding your parcel's own building and zoning office

Contact details are copied from each office’s official page and were checked against it on October 10, 2026.

Off-grid gear

Going off-grid in Hillsborough County means bringing your own water and power. The kit we’d start with:

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Do you need a building permit in Hillsborough County, New Hampshire?

Yes, for work covered by New Hampshire's building law. Buildings and structures constructed in Hillsborough County must comply with the state building and fire codes, and the person responsible for covered construction, alteration, renovation, repair, removal or demolition must obtain a permit before work begins12. Hillsborough County does not run a countywide permit counter; permitting generally follows the locally adopted process where a city or town has an enforcement mechanism62. The separate state permit system excludes one- and two-family dwellings in municipalities without a local enforcement mechanism, so ask the parcel's city or town how the permit requirement applies to your project11.

Who issues building permits in Hillsborough County, and how do you reach them?

There is no single Hillsborough County permit office; start with the city or town where the parcel lies because building permits follow the locally adopted process where the municipality has an enforcement mechanism62. Manchester's Building Division handles building-code administration, permit approval, field inspections, zoning enforcement and certificates of occupancy; reach it at (603) 624-6450 or pcd@manchesternh.gov, at One City Hall Plaza, West Wing12. For another municipality, use Hillsborough County's Cities & Towns Directory to find the correct local government13. A building official must act on a completed ordinary application within 30 days; the deadline is 60 days for nonresidential applications or residential applications covering more than 10 dwelling units14. Municipal building officials perform inspections as needed where the municipality has adopted an enforcement mechanism15.

Does Hillsborough County have zoning?

Zoning in Hillsborough County is administered by each city and town, not the county: New Hampshire law makes planning and zoning a municipal responsibility, and Manchester enforces its own Zoning Ordinance73. Local ordinances may regulate building height and size, lot size, lot coverage, yards, density and the location and use of buildings and land3. County zoning authority is limited to a county that contains unincorporated towns or unorganized places, and we could not confirm a Hillsborough County ordinance with countywide effect; ask the parcel's city or town which rules apply16. Local rules may answer lot size, setbacks, RVs, tiny homes and accessory dwellings, and those answers can change at a municipal boundary7. If you plan to subdivide, a municipal planning board may regulate subdivision only after the municipality authorizes that jurisdiction by ordinance or resolution17.

How do septic permits work in Hillsborough County?

The New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services administers septic approvals and inspections in Hillsborough County, while local health officers and other certified local officials may also have authority4. NHDES reviews design plans and, after required approvals, issues an Approval for Septic System Construction; an Approval for Operation is also required before use18. The constructed system cannot be covered or placed in operation until the department or an authorized agent completes final inspection and approval19. Construction approval is also required before converting a structure from seasonal to full-time occupancy or increasing the load on an existing system18. A homeowner building a new system for their own domicile may do the construction work personally, but must comply with NHDES rules, hire a permitted septic system designer or installer to certify that the system was built to the approved design, and certify by affidavit that the property will be the owner's domicile for at least 2 years from the date NHDES approves operation8. Confirm the paperwork directly with the Subsurface Systems Bureau18.

Can you live in an RV or tiny home on your land in Hillsborough County?

We could not confirm one countywide rule for long-term RV or tiny-home occupancy in Hillsborough County, so ask the parcel's city or town about zoning, dwelling standards and temporary use before buying7. New Hampshire's campground rules allow only temporary occupancy at recreational campgrounds, and a year-round campground site must meet the standard for a single-family house20. The reviewed campground rule does not by itself settle permanent RV living on an individual private parcel. For off-grid sanitation, a composting or incinerator toilet needs no NHDES approval only when the structure has neither internal plumbing nor supplied water service; a structure with both internal plumbing and water service needs an approved septic system even if the toilet is not connected to it9.

Building a home in Hillsborough County: the steps, in order

  1. Identify the parcel's city or town through Hillsborough County's directory, then ask that municipality about zoning and its permit process137.
  2. Submit the required building application before covered work starts; the permit must comply with the state building code and the locally adopted process where the municipality has an enforcement mechanism121.
  3. Allow up to 30 days for a decision on an ordinary completed application, or 60 days for a nonresidential application or a residential application covering more than 10 dwelling units14.
  4. Obtain required NHDES septic plan approval before constructing a building that will discharge sewage or constructing the disposal system22.
  5. Keep the septic system uncovered and unused until final inspection and approval19.
  6. Arrange municipal building inspections where the city or town has an enforcement mechanism, and ask whether it requires a certificate of occupancy before moving in1523.

What to check before you buy land in Hillsborough County

Check the parcel's city or town first, because the municipality's enforcement mechanism and zoning affect the permit path and allowed use67. Only about 7% of Hillsborough County soils rate free of severe limitations for a conventional drain field, so obtain a site evaluation before assuming a standard system will work24. Check for public sewer: a covered building generally must connect when a public sewer is within 100 feet, although municipalities may increase that distance or grant a qualifying waiver10. A seasonal camp converted to full-time occupancy needs new septic construction approval18. Also ask the municipality about driveway access, floodplain development, private-well requirements and any certificate of occupancy because we could not confirm one countywide answer for those parcel-level issues2325.

Watch-outs

  • Covered construction must meet New Hampshire's building and fire codes and obtain a permit, but the administering office and process depend on the municipality12.
  • Do not cover or use a new septic system until NHDES or its authorized agent completes final inspection and approval19.
  • A municipality may require a certificate of occupancy before a new or remodeled building is used, so confirm the local rule before move-in23.

Sources

  1. Chapter 155-A New Hampshire Building Code, quoted and re-checked
  2. RSA 155-A:4 Permit Required, quoted and re-checked
  3. gc.nh.gov, quoted and re-checked
  4. Chapter 485-A Water Pollution and Waste Disposal, quoted and re-checked
  5. RSA 485-A:32 Prior Approval; Permits, quoted and re-checked
  6. City of Manchester Building Department FAQs (2026 county census)
  7. City of Manchester Zoning Ordinance (2026 county census)
  8. RSA 485-A:36 System Installer Permit, quoted and re-checked
  9. Env-Wq 1000 Subdivisions and Individual Sewage Disposal Systems (New Hampshire statewide rule), quoted and re-checked
  10. RSA 147:8 Toilets; Drains (New Hampshire statewide rule), quoted and re-checked
  11. Chapter 155-A New Hampshire Building Code (New Hampshire statewide rule), quoted and re-checked
  12. City of Manchester Planning and Community Development — Building Division (manchesternh.gov)
  13. Hillsborough County Cities & Towns Directory (hcnh.org)
  14. RSA 155-A:4 Permit Required (New Hampshire statewide rule), quoted and re-checked
  15. Chapter 155-A New Hampshire Building Code, quoted and re-checked
  16. RSA 674:16 Grant of Power (New Hampshire statewide rule), quoted and re-checked
  17. RSA 674:35 — Power to Regulate Subdivisions (New Hampshire statewide rule), quoted and re-checked
  18. New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services — Subsurface Systems Bureau (des.nh.gov)
  19. Chapter 485-A Water Pollution and Waste Disposal, quoted and re-checked
  20. Chapter 216-I Recreational Campgrounds and Camping Parks (New Hampshire statewide rule), quoted and re-checked
  21. RSA 155-A:4 Permit Required, quoted and re-checked
  22. RSA 485-A:32 Prior Approval; Permits (New Hampshire statewide rule), quoted and re-checked
  23. Chapter 155-A New Hampshire Building Code, quoted and re-checked
  24. Share of soils USDA rates "not limited" for a conventional septic drain field (SSURGO). A strict rating: the median county is about 6% and a tenth of counties are 0%, so a low figure means most lots need a site evaluation or an engineered system, not that septic is impossible. Cite it only with that caveat: Bolthole Index county data
  25. RSA 482-B:10 Record of Wells; Monitoring Wells (New Hampshire statewide rule), quoted and re-checked

Written October 10, 2026 from the rules quoted below, each taken from an official source and re-checked by an independent reviewer. This is research, not legal advice: rules change, so confirm with the office before you buy or build.

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Compared with neighboring counties

Like 4 of its 6 neighbors, Hillsborough County requires a building permit for a home.

RuleHillsborough CountyMerrimack CountyCheshire CountyRockingham CountySullivan CountyBelknap CountyStrafford County
Building permitRequiredRequiredRequiredRequiredLimitedRequiredLimited
County zoningYesYesNoYesNoNoYes
Septic permitsNH Dept. of Env. ServicesNHDESNHDESNHDESNHDESNHDESNH Dept. of Env. Services

County locator

Hillsborough County in New Hampshire

68
County map
Hillsborough County highlighted among the New Hampshire counties · colored by Index score

How Hillsborough County scores

Seclusion41100% ev.
Self-Sufficiency70100% ev.
Admin Boringness44100% ev.
Durability76100% ev.
Property Autonomy78100% ev.
Carry Cost46100% ev.

Evidence strength: 100%. This reports direct-source completeness and fallback use; it is separate from the score and is not a confidence interval. How it works →

$531kTypical home
1.8%Property tax
$10,594Land / acre
47.7"Annual rain
6.5% of yrsSevere drought
0.7 / yr (+0.7)Mid-century 100°F days
11.1 daysMid-century dry spell
2.01" (+8.5%)Mid-century 1-day rain
1.4×Wildfire change factor
100%Forward climate coverage
$1,355Home insurance / yr
0.9% / yrInsurance growth
0.9%Nonrenewal rate
county median (2+ published ZIPs)Insurance basis
29,894People within 30 min
6,258,050People within 2 hr
217,753Radius comparison (15 mi)
487.6People / sq mi
1.2%Federal land
74.1%Land at 15% slope or less
6.8%Soils rated "not limited" for septic (strict USDA rating)
37,075 acWorkable land screen
87.8%Wooded land
73.4 tonsBiomass / forest ac
47°FAvg temp

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Cities and towns in Hillsborough County

Inside a city, town or township here, that government usually sets zoning and may issue its own building permits; the county’s rules above cover land outside them.

Not yet researched: Town of Amherst · Town of Antrim · Town of Bennington · Town of Brookline · Town of Deering · Town of Francestown · Town of Goffstown · Town of Greenfield · Town of Greenville · Town of Hancock · Town of Hillsborough · Town of Hollis · Town of Hudson · Town of Litchfield · Town of Lyndeborough · Town of Mason · Town of Merrimack · Town of Milford · Town of Mont Vernon · Town of New Boston · Town of New Ipswich · Town of Pelham · Town of Peterborough · Town of Sharon · Town of Temple · Town of Weare · Town of Wilton · Town of Windsor

Answers from the rulebook for Hillsborough County

What the ordinances and state agencies actually say — one answer per question, each quoted from the official source and independently re-checked.

Hillsborough County rules

  • Local zoningVaries (with conditions)

    Local zoning across the cities and towns within Hillsborough County; this is an aggregate countywide conclusion and does not attribute each local ordinance to the county.

    • New Hampshire law states that planning, zoning, and related regulations are the responsibility of municipal government.
    • Local ordinances may regulate building height and size, lot size, lot coverage, yards, density, and the location and use of buildings and land.
    • County zoning authority under RSA 674:16 is limited to a county in which there are unincorporated towns or unorganized places.
    “Planning, zoning and related regulations have been and should continue to be the responsibility of municipal government;”
  • County-wide zoningPresent

    Zoning is administered at the town/city level (counties do not zone in NH); the City of Manchester enforces a Zoning Ordinance.

    City of Manchester Zoning Ordinance ↗Scouted from the county site, not yet independently re-checked

New Hampshire rules that apply here

  • Building permitRequired

    Construction and renovation subject to New Hampshire's state building code, administered through the state building permit system where the municipality has not adopted a local enforcement mechanism, and buildings owned by the State, the community college system, or the university system.

    • The state building permit system excludes one- and two-family dwellings in municipalities without a local building-code enforcement mechanism.
    • Where a municipality has adopted an enforcement mechanism, the permit conforms to the locally adopted process.
    • Separate electrical, plumbing, mechanical, and fire-protection permits are required in addition to the building permit under the state permit system.
    • For state, community-college-system, and university-system buildings, the permit is obtained from the state fire marshal.
    “Before starting work as described in RSA 155-A:2, I, the person responsible for such construction shall obtain a permit.”
    One more reviewed finding on this topic
    • Required — Construction work described in RSA 155-A:2, including work in Hillsborough County.
      “Before starting work as described in RSA 155-A:2, I, the person responsible for such construction shall obtain a permit.”
  • Owner-builder exemptionAvailable (with conditions)

    A person installing a new waste-disposal system for property being developed as that person's own domicile, including in Hillsborough County.

    • The person must comply with Department of Environmental Services rules.
    • The property owner or a permitted septic-system installer must perform all work to construct the system.
    • The property owner must hire a permitted septic-system designer or permitted septic-system installer to certify that the system, including the base of the effluent disposal area, was constructed according to the approved design and department rules.
    • The property owner must certify by affidavit that the property will be their domicile for at least 2 years beginning on the date the system receives approval to operate.
    • Violation of the domicile affidavit requirement is subject to penalties under RSA 485-A:43.
    • The provision became effective September 1, 2024; the source also reports a later amendment effective August 18, 2026.

    minimum domicile period: >= 2 years (Begins on the date the waste disposal system receives approval to operate.)

    “shall not be required to obtain an installer's permit as provided in paragraph I”
    3 more reviewed findings on this topic
    • Available (with conditions) — A person installing a new waste disposal system for property being developed as that person's own domicile, and qualifying repair or replacement work for the person's own domicile.
      “Any person who desires to install a replacement waste disposal system or to repair a waste disposal system [...] shall not be required”
    • Conditional — A property owner or the owner's agent performing plumbing in the owner's own single-family detached or townhouse residence, including new construction, and performing minor plumbing installations, repairs, or replacements on the owner's property; the statute also separately addresses fuel-gas fitting in an existing primary residence.
      “To a property owner or the property owner's agent who installs, repairs, or replaces plumbing in the property owner's own single-family detached or townhouse residence, including new construction, or any property owner or property owner's agent who makes minor installations, repairs, or replacements to the owner's property.”
    • Conditional — State building-permit and inspection requirements for owner-builders performing construction or renovation work in New Hampshire.
      “Before starting work as described in RSA 155-A:2, I, the person responsible for such construction shall obtain a permit. In municipalities that have adopted an enforcement mechanism pursuant to RSA 155-A:3, the permit under this section shall conform to the locally adopted process. No permit shall be issued that would not result in compliance with the state building code.”
  • Building code adoptedAdopted (with conditions)

    All buildings, building components, and structures constructed in New Hampshire, including construction, design, maintenance, use, alteration, renovation, rehabilitation, repair, removal, and demolition.

    • Compliance with both the state building code and state fire code is required.
    • The adopted code consists of the 2024 International Building Code, International Existing Building Code, International Plumbing Code, International Mechanical Code, International Swimming Pool and Spa Code, and International Residential Code; the 2018 International Energy Conservation Code; and the 2023 National Electrical Code.
    • The adoption includes amendments reviewed and approved by the state building code review board as of October 10, 2025, ratified by the legislature under RSA 155-A:10, and approved errata or errata-informed amendments.
    • The code in effect when the governing authority receives the required building-permit application remains in effect for the duration of the permitted work.
    • For 6 months after the effective date of a newly adopted code, applicants may elect to comply with either the code in effect immediately before the effective date or the newly adopted code, but may not combine the two codes.
    • The state building code is effective in all municipalities without further local modification, except as permitted by RSA 155-A:3 or another statute.
    • Local enforcement agencies may administer permits, inspections, and enforcement where authorized; local amendments may not be less stringent than the state building code and technical amendments are not permitted.
    • Buildings must also comply with applicable state or local building requirements and land-use restrictions, including subdivision regulations, use and location restrictions, density and dimensional limitations, and historic-district laws or ordinances.
    • Before starting work described in RSA 155-A:2, I, the responsible person must obtain a permit; in municipalities with an enforcement mechanism, the permit must conform to the locally adopted process.
    • For state-owned, community-college-system, or university-system buildings, permits, inspections, and certificates of occupancy are issued by the state fire marshal.
    • Where the state building code and state fire code conflict, the code creating the greater degree of life safety takes precedence, subject to RSA 155-A:10 review.

    effective date of current statutory amendment: 2026-07-01 00:01 · concurrency period after newly adopted code effective date: 6 months (Applicant may choose either the immediately preceding code or the newly adopted code, but not a combination.)

    “All buildings, building components, and structures constructed in New Hampshire shall comply with the state building code and state fire code.”
    2 more reviewed findings on this topic
    • Adopted — All buildings, building components, and structures constructed in New Hampshire, including Hillsborough County.
      “All buildings, building components, and structures constructed in New Hampshire shall comply with the state building code and state fire code.”
    • Adopted (with conditions) — Buildings, building components, and structures constructed in New Hampshire, including Hillsborough County.
      “All buildings, building components, and structures constructed in New Hampshire shall comply with the state building code and state fire code.”
  • InspectionsLimited

    Building-code inspections in New Hampshire, including Hillsborough County.

    • A municipal building official performs inspections as necessary where a municipality has adopted an enforcement mechanism.
    • The state fire marshal conducts inspections for buildings owned by the state, community college system, or university system.
    • The state fire marshal may provide services for certain municipal or county-owned projects when requested and accepted.
    “Perform inspections as may be necessary to assure compliance with the state building code;”
    One more reviewed finding on this topic
    • Required — Work performed under the scope of building permits issued through the New Hampshire state building permit system.
      “Required inspections for work performed under the scope of the issued building permits shall be requested by the permit holder and performed by the fire marshal or designee at the appropriate times during the course of construction and prior to concealing any of the work.”
  • Certificate of occupancyLimited

    Buildings and projects administered under the state building permit system, and municipalities that enact a certificate-of-occupancy requirement under the state building code.

    • Under the state permit system, a certificate of occupancy is issued upon completion of work, compliance inspections under state and local codes, and receipt of required documentation.
    • Municipal regulations may require a certificate of occupancy before use or occupancy of a building or structure erected, remodeled, or undergoing a change or expansion of use.
    • The municipality is responsible for implementing and enforcing a locally enacted certificate-of-occupancy requirement.
    • New Hampshire energy-code compliance certification is required before occupancy when the energy code applies; municipalities without certificates of occupancy use the alternate certification process in Puc 1805.01(c).
    “Upon completion of the work, inspections for compliance with state and local codes by the fire marshal or designee and receipt of required documentation, a certificate of occupancy shall be issued.”
    2 more reviewed findings on this topic
    • Limited — Certificates of occupancy for buildings and structures in New Hampshire.
      “The regulations adopted pursuant to paragraph I may include a requirement for a certificate of occupancy to be issued prior to the use or occupancy of any building or structure that is erected, remodeled, or undergoes a change or expansion of use subsequent to the effective date of such requirement.”
    • Limited — Certificates of occupancy for buildings and structures in Hillsborough County municipalities or qualifying unincorporated places.
      “may include a requirement for a certificate of occupancy”
  • Zoning districtsPublished

    New Hampshire's statutory zoning-district framework, under which a local legislative body may divide a municipality into zoning districts and regulate buildings, structures, and land within those districts.

    • The statute supplies enabling authority and does not publish the actual district maps or district schedules for each municipality.
    • District boundaries, number, shape, area, and regulations are determined locally by the municipality's local legislative body.
    • Regulations must be uniform for each class or kind of building throughout each district, but regulations may differ between districts.
    • Local zoning remains a municipal-government responsibility.
    “The local legislative body may divide the municipality into districts of a number, shape and area as may be deemed best suited”
  • Minimum lot sizeDistrict specific

    New Hampshire municipalities and qualifying counties may adopt local zoning regulations governing lot sizes; the statute does not set a single statewide minimum lot size.

    • The actual minimum depends on the locally adopted zoning ordinance and district.
    • The cited statute authorizes local regulation and is not itself a numeric minimum-lot-size rule.
    “For the purpose of promoting the health, safety, or the general welfare of the community, the local legislative body of any city, town, or county in which there are located unincorporated towns or unorganized places is authorized to adopt or amend a zoning ordinance under the ordinance enactment procedures of RSA 675:2-5. The zoning ordinance shall be designed to regulate and restrict: [...] Lot sizes, the percentage of a lot that may be occupied, and the size of yards, courts and other open spaces;”
  • SetbacksDistrict specific

    New Hampshire municipalities and qualifying counties may adopt local zoning regulations governing yards and other open spaces that may include setback controls; the exact setback depends on the local ordinance and district.

    • The actual setback distance depends on the locally adopted zoning ordinance and district.
    • The cited statute authorizes local dimensional regulation and is not itself a numeric setback rule.
    “The zoning ordinance shall be designed to regulate and restrict: [...] Lot sizes, the percentage of a lot that may be occupied, and the size of yards, courts and other open spaces;”
  • Lot coverageDistrict specific

    New Hampshire municipalities and qualifying counties may adopt local zoning regulations limiting the percentage of a lot that may be occupied; the exact percentage depends on the local ordinance and district.

    • The actual lot-coverage limit depends on the locally adopted zoning ordinance and district.
    • The cited statute is an enabling provision and does not establish a statewide percentage.
    “The zoning ordinance shall be designed to regulate and restrict: [...] Lot sizes, the percentage of a lot that may be occupied, and the size of yards, courts and other open spaces;”
  • Building heightDistrict specific

    New Hampshire municipalities and qualifying counties may adopt local zoning regulations governing building height and number of stories; the exact height depends on the local ordinance and district.

    • The actual building-height limit depends on the locally adopted zoning ordinance and district.
    • The cited statute authorizes local regulation and does not establish a statewide height limit.
    “The zoning ordinance shall be designed to regulate and restrict: (a) The height, number of stories and size of buildings and other structures;”
  • Who permits septicMixed

    Statewide administration of sewage and waste disposal system approvals in New Hampshire.

    • The New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services approves sewage and waste disposal plans.
    • Applicants must also submit locally approved plans where required by local planning boards or other local bodies.
    • DES may delegate inspections to municipal health officers, building inspectors, or other qualified local officials.
    “In all cases involving inspection of sewage or waste disposal systems in cities or towns which employ a full time health officer and/or building inspector, the department may delegate to such officer or inspector the responsibility for inspecting the proposed system as required under paragraph I of this section.”
    One more reviewed finding on this topic
    • State — Subsurface sewage disposal systems in Hillsborough County.
      “The health officer may make, in the manner provided in RSA 147:1, such regulations as necessary to ensure the safety and adequacy of subsurface sanitary disposal systems within the municipality. Nothing in this section shall be construed to limit the authority conferred upon the department of environmental services under RSA 485-A.”
  • Septic permitRequired

    Construction of a building discharging sewage or construction of a sewage or waste disposal system in Hillsborough County and statewide New Hampshire.

    • Prior approval of the plans and specifications by the New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services is required.
    • Local government water-supply and sewage-disposal requirements must also be satisfied where applicable before application to the department.
    • The statute sets state requirements as minimum requirements and does not lessen local authority.
    • Certain installer-permit exemptions exist for qualifying owner-domicile work under RSA 485-A:36, but the statutory prior approval requirement remains applicable.
    “No person shall construct any building from which sewage or other wastes will discharge [...] without prior approval of the plans and specifications [...] by the department.”
    2 more reviewed findings on this topic
    • Required — Construction of a building from which sewage or other wastes will discharge, or construction of a sewage or waste disposal system in New Hampshire, including Hillsborough County.
      “No person shall construct any building from which sewage or other wastes will discharge or construct a sewage or waste disposal system without prior approval”
    • Required — Construction of a building from which sewage or other wastes will discharge, or construction of a sewage or waste disposal system, statewide in New Hampshire.
      “No person shall construct any building from which sewage or other wastes will discharge or construct a sewage or waste disposal system without prior approval of the plans and specifications of the sewage or waste disposal system by the department.”
  • Septic inspectionRequired

    Construction, operation, and maintenance of subsurface sewage disposal systems statewide in New Hampshire.

    • Final inspection and approval are required before a system is covered or placed in operation.
    • DES may delegate proposed-system inspections to qualified municipal officials.
    • Septic tanks must be inspected for sludge and surface-scum accumulation at a frequency sufficient to permit pumping when the combined thickness reaches one-third or more of tank depth.
    • The quoted operating rule is Env-Wq 1023.01.

    combined sludge and surface scum threshold: >= 1 third of tank depth

    “Septic tanks shall be inspected for accumulation of sludge and surface scum at a frequency sufficient to allow the tank to be pumped by a licensed septage hauler when the combined thickness of the sludge and surface scum equal 1/3 or more of the tank depth.”
    One more reviewed finding on this topic
    • Required — Subsurface sewage disposal system construction and operation in Hillsborough County.
      “As required by RSA 485-A:29, I, the constructed ISDS shall not be covered or placed in operation without final inspection and approval by the department or by an authorized agent of the department.”
  • Off-grid sanitationLimited

    Composting or incinerator toilets in New Hampshire structures.

    • Department approval is not required where the structure has neither internal plumbing nor supplied water service.
    • If the structure has internal plumbing and water service from a drilled well, internal or external storage tank, or municipal water system, an ISDS with DES operational approval is required even if the toilet is not connected to it.
    • Toilet waste disposal must comply with applicable state rules and local law.
    “Composting toilets and incinerator toilets in structures that do not have internal plumbing and that do not have a supplied water service to the building shall not require approval by the department.”
  • Well permitLimited

    Private and other water wells constructed in New Hampshire, including special requirements for open-loop geothermal wells.

    • Within 90 days after completion, the water well contractor must provide the New Hampshire Water Well Board a well completion record containing the specified location, construction, yield, use, and contractor information.
    • Open-loop geothermal wells require a groundwater discharge permit under Env-Wq 402.33 through Env-Wq 402.36.
    • The reviewed sources establish reporting and special-purpose permit requirements; they do not establish a universal construction permit requirement for every ordinary private well.

    well completion record deadline: 90 days after completion

    “An owner of an open loop geothermal well shall obtain a groundwater discharge permit in accordance with Env-Wq 402.33 through Env-Wq 402.36.”
  • Mandatory utility hookupConditional

    Buildings occupied or used for dwelling, office, store, theater, public hall, sleeping apartment, or tourist cabin in New Hampshire.

    • Connection to a public sewer is required if one is within 100 feet.
    • If no public sewer is within 100 feet, wastewater must be conveyed underground or in another non-offensive manner.
    • Cities, towns, and village districts may increase the 100-foot distance by ordinance or regulation.
    • Local municipal health officials may approve privies and may require further DES approval.
    • Municipalities may grant waivers for adequate alternative sewage systems complying with state and local rules and approved for construction by DES after January 1, 1985.

    public sewer connection distance: <= 100 feet (Municipalities may increase the distance by ordinance or regulation.)

    “unless said building shall be provided with suitable drains or sewers for conveying waste water and sewage away from the premises into some public sewer, if there be one within 100 feet thereof, and if not, for conveying it away underground or in some other manner that will not be offensive.”
  • Agricultural exemptionConditional

    New, re-established, or expanded agricultural operations and activities subject to local building and site requirements in New Hampshire.

    • Agricultural operations are not categorically exempt from dimensional standards, setbacks, driveway and traffic regulations, parking, noise, odor, vibration, or sign regulations.
    • A waiver may be required where literal application would effectively prohibit an agricultural use allowed by the statute or would otherwise be unreasonable in the agricultural context.
    • The waiver requires due notice and hearing by the board of adjustment, building code board of appeals, or other applicable local board.
    • The waiver must be limited to the extent necessary to reasonably permit the agricultural use or activity.
    • No waiver is required if it would have a demonstrated adverse effect on public health or safety or on the value of adjacent property.
    • The waiver continues only while the property is utilized for the permitted agricultural use or activity.
    • RSA 147 health-and-safety findings and the duties of the Department of Environmental Services under RSA 485 or RSA 485-A, and the Commissioner of Agriculture, Markets, and Food under Title XL, are preserved.
    • The statute does not affect regulation of sludge or septage.

    approval mechanism: waiver after due notice and hearing (only to the extent necessary to reasonably permit the agricultural use or activity) · adverse-effect limitation: demonstrated adverse effect on public health or safety, or on the value of adjacent property (waiver unavailable where this limitation applies)

    “the board of adjustment, building code board of appeals, or other applicable local board, after due notice and hearing, shall grant a waiver”
    4 more reviewed findings on this topic
    • Available (with conditions) — Agricultural operations or activities in a New Hampshire zoning district or location where they are not explicitly addressed.
      “In accordance with RSA 672:1, III-d, whenever agricultural operations or activities as defined in RSA 21:34-a are not explicitly addressed with respect to any zoning district or location, such operations or activities shall be deemed to be permitted there, as either a primary or accessory use, so long as conducted in accordance with best management practices guidelines adopted by the commissioner of the department of agriculture, markets, and food and with applicable federal and state laws, regulations, and rules.”
    • Available (with conditions) — Agricultural operations or activities under RSA 21:34-a that are not explicitly addressed in a local zoning district or location.
      “In accordance with RSA 672:1, III-d, whenever agricultural operations or activities as defined in RSA 21:34-a are not explicitly addressed with respect to any zoning district or location, such operations or activities shall be deemed to be permitted there, as either a primary or accessory use, so long as conducted in accordance with best management practices guidelines adopted by the commissioner of the department of agriculture, markets, and food and with applicable federal and state laws, regulations, and rules.”
    • Conditional — Existing agricultural uses and activities established pursuant to RSA 674:32-a, including expansion, alteration, or change to another agricultural use or activity.
      “Any agricultural use or activity which exists pursuant to RSA 674:32-a may without restriction be expanded, altered to meet changing technology or markets, or changed to another agricultural use or activity, as set forth in RSA 21:34-a, so long as any such expansion, alteration, or change complies with all federal and state laws, regulations, and rules, including agricultural best management practices guidelines adopted by the commissioner of the department of agriculture, markets, and food; subject, however, to the following limitations:”
    • Available — Normal agricultural operations otherwise subject to the terrain-alteration permitting provisions of RSA 485-A:17.
      “Normal agricultural operations shall be exempt from the provisions of this section.”
  • Subdividing landRegulated (with conditions)

    Subdivision of land in New Hampshire municipalities that have authorized planning-board subdivision jurisdiction under RSA 674:35.

    • Municipal authorization by ordinance or resolution is required.
    • The planning board acts under the enactment procedures of RSA 675:6.
    • The municipality may authorize preliminary review and approval or disapproval of subdivision plats and related street and utility plans.
    • The planning board may not limit the number of building permits except through the statutory timing, phased-development, or moratorium mechanisms identified in RSA 674:35, III.
    • The planning board retains authority to deny a subdivision application because it is scattered or premature.

    authorization instrument: ordinance or resolution · enactment procedure: RSA 675:6

    “The planning board of a municipality shall have the authority to regulate the subdivision of land under the enactment procedures of RSA 675:6.”
    2 more reviewed findings on this topic
    • Regulated (with conditions) — Subdivision of land within New Hampshire municipalities, through locally authorized planning-board regulation under the state statutory framework.
      “The planning board of a municipality shall have the authority to regulate the subdivision of land under the enactment procedures of RSA 675:6.”
    • Regulated (with conditions) — Subdivision of land in New Hampshire where the municipality has authorized its planning board to regulate subdivision under RSA 675:6.
      “A municipality may by ordinance or resolution authorize the planning board to require preliminary review of subdivisions, and to approve or disapprove, in its discretion, plats, and to approve or disapprove plans showing the extent to which and the manner in which streets within subdivisions shall be graded and improved and to which streets water, sewer, and other utility mains, piping, connections, or facilities within subdivisions shall be installed.”
  • Short-term rentalsLimited

    Advertisements and operation of short-term rentals subject to New Hampshire meals and rooms taxation.

    • Print, display, publication, distribution, and online advertisements must include the operator's meals and rooms license number.
    • A violation may result in a warning that the operator's license may be revoked, suspended, or denied.
    • The warning must notify the operator of the obligation to obtain a meals and rooms license and pay the meals and rooms tax.
    • Subsequent violations may constitute sufficient cause for revocation, suspension, or denial of the license.
    • The statute does not change or alter the property's use for purposes of compliance with a local zoning ordinance.
    “Any advertisement for a short-term rental [...] shall include the meals and rooms license number of the operator, as defined in RSA 78-A:3.”
  • Permit feesPublished (with conditions)

    State building permit fees collected by the state fire marshal under the state building permit system.

    • Applies to construction and renovation of buildings and structures, except one- and two-family dwellings, in municipalities that have not adopted a local enforcement mechanism for the state building code, and to buildings and structures owned by the State, the community college system, or the university system.
    • Separate permits are required for electrical, plumbing, mechanical, and fire protection work.
    • New commercial construction building permit fee is $0.30 per gross square foot.
    • Electrical, plumbing, and mechanical permit fees are calculated by contracted construction cost and are not less than $75.
    • Fire protection system permit fee is $1.00 per device with a $35 minimum.
    • Re-inspection fees are $100 for building and fire protection permits; electrical, plumbing, and mechanical re-inspection fees are 10% of the calculated fee, not less than $100 and not more than $500.
    • Fees for other structures and uses are $1.00 per gross square foot with a $35 minimum; re-inspection fee is $100.

    new commercial building permit fee: 0.3 USD per gross square foot · electrical/plumbing/mechanical minimum permit fee: >= 75 USD · fire protection system permit fee: per 1 USD per device (minimum $35) · building/fire protection re-inspection fee: 100 USD per re-inspection · other structures and uses building permit fee: 1 USD per gross square foot (minimum $35)

    “The building permit fee shall be $.30 per gross square foot;”
    One more reviewed finding on this topic
    • Published (with conditions) — New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services installer permits for subsurface sewage or waste disposal systems.
      “pays a fee of $80 [...] biennial permit fee of $80 [...] late renewal fee of $80 [...] reinstatement fee of $80.”
  • Permit processPublished (with conditions)

    Construction subject to New Hampshire’s state building code and building-permit requirements.

    • Before starting covered construction, the responsible person must obtain a permit.
    • In municipalities with an enforcement mechanism, the permit follows the locally adopted process.
    • The building official must approve or deny a completed application within 30 days; nonresidential applications or residential applications for more than 10 dwelling units must be approved or denied within 60 days.
    • State fire marshal applications must be filed at least 30 days before the intended construction start date when the state building permit system applies.
    • Applications require the prescribed form, property and applicant information, permit type, use and occupancy, work description, square footage, design-professional information, construction documents, and municipal planning or zoning approval when warranted.

    ordinary completed application decision deadline: 30 days (nonresidential applications or residential applications encompassing more than 10 dwelling units: 60 days) · state fire marshal application filing deadline: >= 30 days before intended construction start

    “Upon the submission of a completed application, the building official shall act to approve or deny a building permit within 30 days;”
    2 more reviewed findings on this topic
    • Partial — State building-code and septic approval processes applicable in Hillsborough County.
      “In municipalities that have adopted an enforcement mechanism pursuant to RSA 155-A:3, the permit under this section shall conform to the locally adopted process.”
    • Partial — Building-permit processing under New Hampshire's state building code.
      “shall conform to the locally adopted process.”
  • Campground & park staysTemporary only (with conditions)

    Recreational vehicles placed at New Hampshire recreational campgrounds or camping parks.

    • The campground or camping park must contain 2 or more campsites occupied or intended for temporary recreational dwelling occupancy.
    • The use is for temporary occupancy only and not permanent year-round residency.
    • A year-round site must meet Env-Wq 1008.04 requirements for a single-family house.
    • Local municipalities retain authority to enforce local zoning and health-and-safety regulations.
    • For occasional commercial or noncommercial RV use on a parcel for no more than 7 days in a calendar year, the landowner or responsible party must file a statement of compliance with the municipal governing body within 7 days before use, and RSA 216-I:4, II still applies.

    minimum campsite area: >= 1000 square feet (Applies to each recreational vehicle or recreational camping cabin campsite.) · occasional parcel use: <= 7 days per calendar year (Statement of compliance required within 7 days before commencement; RSA 216-I:4, II remains applicable.)

    “intended for temporary occupancy for recreational dwelling purposes only, and not for permanent year-round residency”
  • county building authorityLimited

    County building-permit authority for buildings erected on leased land within unincorporated towns or unorganized places.

    • The county must be a county in which there are located unincorporated towns or unorganized places.
    • The building must be erected on leased land located within an unincorporated town or unorganized place.
    • The county planning board must require the building permit under RSA 674:41(IV).
    • The county must, by resolution, authorize the planning board to issue building permits under this paragraph.
    • The permit is required regardless of the building's proximity to any street or highway.
    • Separately, RSA 155-A:4(I) requires the person responsible for covered construction to obtain a permit before starting work, and RSA 155-A:4(V) bars issuance of a building or occupancy permit for construction, remodeling, or maintenance that does not comply with applicable zoning ordinances, building codes, or planning-board regulations.
    • The state building code applies statewide, while RSA 155-A:3 describes local enforcement mechanisms as municipal and reserves permit and fee administrative amendments to municipalities.
    “every building which is erected on leased land [...] to have a building permit.”
    One more reviewed finding on this topic
    • General — New Hampshire counties in which there are located unincorporated towns or unorganized places may establish and administer local enforcement mechanisms for the state building code, including building permits and inspections.
      “"County" means the local legislative body of a county in which there are unincorporated towns or unorganized places. [...] The local legislative body, as defined in RSA 155-A:1, IX, is hereby empowered and authorized to establish a local enforcement agency, as defined in RSA 155-A:1, III, to enforce the state building code adopted under RSA 155-A.”
  • county zoning authorityGeneral

    New Hampshire counties in which there are located unincorporated towns or unorganized places may adopt or amend zoning ordinances governing those areas.

    • The authority is exercised by the county local legislative body under RSA 675:2-5 procedures.
    • The ordinance may regulate building height, stories, building and structure size, lot sizes, lot coverage, yards, courts, open spaces, population density, and the location and use of buildings, structures, and land.
    • The authority includes innovative land-use controls, including methods described in RSA 674:21.
    • The county may regulate and control development timing under RSA 674:22.
    • Amateur-radio antenna regulations must conform to the stated federal preemption, subject to the statutory exceptions in RSA 424:5, RSA 422-B, or other Title XXXIX provisions.
    • Accessory uses on private land may be regulated; unless specifically proscribed, aircraft takeoffs and landings on private land by the owner or a resident are a valid and permitted accessory use.
    • Home-based care must be allowed by right when applicable department requirements are met, and local ordinances may not differ from RSA 170-E or He-C 4002 requirements.
    • The county may regulate accessory parking but may not require more than one residential parking space per unit; from September 13, 2026, it also may not require that the space be garaged.
    • The county may not restrict dwelling occupancy below 2 occupants per bedroom or adopt/enforce specified relationship, marital-status, occupation, employment-status, or educational-status restrictions.
    • Private covenants are not overridden.
    “For the purpose of promoting the health, safety, or the general welfare of the community, the local legislative body of any city, town, or county in which there are located unincorporated towns or unorganized places is authorized to adopt or amend a zoning ordinance under the ordinance enactment procedures of RSA 675:2-5.”
    One more reviewed finding on this topic
    • Limited — A county in which unincorporated towns or unorganized places are located; authority is exercised by its local legislative body.
      “county in which there are located unincorporated towns or unorganized places is authorized to adopt or amend a zoning ordinance”

Set by your town or city, not the county

In New Hampshire, zoning is adopted by each town or city, so Hillsborough County has no county-wide answer on these. Find your town or city in the list of places on this page, or call its clerk or zoning administrator.

  • Minimum dwelling size
  • Living in an RV
  • Camping on your land
  • Tiny homes
  • Manufactured homes
  • Accessory dwellings

Still unanswered

We looked and could not find an official answer yet. Silence is not permission — ask the county directly.

  • Driveway access — Driveway access requirements in Hillsborough County.
  • Building in a floodplain — Floodplain-development regulation across Hillsborough County municipalities and any unincorporated areas.

Each answer was extracted from an official source and independently re-checked against that source by a second reviewer. That is an evidence check, not legal advice. Rules change; confirm with the authority before you buy or build.

Living off-grid in Hillsborough County, New Hampshire

Is Hillsborough County a good place to live off-grid or homestead?

Hillsborough County scores 68/100 on the Bolthole Index, a strong county profile. Its strengths: a stronger property-autonomy legal backdrop and 30 operating mines. Watch-outs: about 29,894 people within a 30-minute drive.

Do you need a building permit in Hillsborough County, New Hampshire?

Hillsborough County generally requires a residential building permit, and it enforces county zoning. Onsite septic is permitted by New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services, Subsurface Systems Bureau. Owner-builders may act as their own contractor to build their home. These answers are quoted from official sources and independently re-checked. Rules change and cities within the county differ — always confirm with the county before you buy or build.

How much does land cost in Hillsborough County, New Hampshire?

Land in Hillsborough County runs about $10,594 per acre, based on the latest county data.

What is the water situation in Hillsborough County?

Hillsborough County gets about 47.7" of rain a year, with severe drought in roughly 6.5% of years.

How remote is Hillsborough County?

A representative private-land location has about 29,894 people within a 30-minute drive and 6,258,050 within two hours. The road-network catchments count population across county lines and clusters of smaller cities; straight-line radius values remain available as a comparison.

How Hillsborough compares in New Hampshire

Compare side-by-side →See all 10 New Hampshire counties ranked →