Bolthole Index

Northumberland County, Virginia

Building permits, zoning and septic rules in Northumberland County, Virginia

74Index Score / 100
#20 of 133 in Virginia

Unincorporated Northumberland County, Virginia requires a building permit before covered construction begins and locally enforces the statewide building code12. The county administers zoning in its unincorporated areas and publishes building, trade, zoning and land-disturbing permit forms34. Onsite sewage permits go through the Virginia Department of Health's Three Rivers Health District5.

At a glance

Building permit
Required before covered construction begins under Virginia's statewide building code16
Zoning (unincorporated county)
Yes, administered by the county Building & Zoning Department3
Septic permit
Required through VDH's Three Rivers Health District57
Owner-builder
Conditional licensing exemption for one owned primary residence for personal use in a 24-month period8
RV living
Not confirmed for private land; ask county Building & Zoning9
Tiny home
No county-specific occupancy rule confirmed; zoning and building rules still apply1011
Private well
Permit, inspection, well-driller report and satisfactory drinking-water sample required12
Septic soil suitability
About 4.4% of county land lacks severe limits for a conventional drain field13

Who to call

Building permits

Northumberland County Building & Zoning Department

Building permits, permit searches, inspections, zoning requirements and land-use violations

(804) 580-8910

P.O. Box 129, 72 Monument Place, Heathsville, VA 22473

Online permits →

Septic permits

Northumberland County Health Department, Environmental Health

Environmental Health contact for onsite sewage and private-well services in Northumberland County

(804) 580-8827

6373 Northumberland Highway, Suite B, P.O. Box 69, Heathsville, VA 22473

Contact details are copied from each office’s official page and were checked against it on October 12, 2026.

Off-grid gear

Going off-grid in Northumberland County means bringing your own water and power. The kit we’d start with:

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Do you need a building permit in Northumberland County, Virginia?

Yes. Northumberland County requires a permit before covered construction, removal or improvement begins, subject to listed exemptions and special rules for emergency work1. Virginia adopts the Uniform Statewide Building Code, and Northumberland County's local building department enforces it6. The current statewide adoption includes the 2021 I-codes and 2020 National Electrical Code, effective January 18, 202414. Permit-related inspections do not apply to listed exempt activities unless the owner requests a permit, but work in a special flood hazard area may still need approval15. A qualifying farm building is exempt only when it is nonresidential, located where farming occurs and used primarily for a covered farm purpose; the exemption does not cover a licensed on-farm restaurant16.

Who issues Northumberland County building and zoning permits?

The Northumberland County Building & Zoning Department reviews development plans, enforces zoning ordinances, investigates land-use violations and provides zoning information9. Call (804) 580-8910 or visit 72 Monument Place, Heathsville, VA 22473; mail goes to P.O. Box 129 at the same locality9. The department publishes building, electrical, mechanical, plumbing, zoning and land-disturbing forms and directs applicants to email completed Building and Zoning forms to its administrative assistant4. The county fee schedule lists a $75 zoning permit and a building fee of $0.12 per square foot, including a double-wide, but the schedule may change during the fiscal year17. The published material does not give a complete review timeline18.

Does Northumberland County, Virginia have zoning?

Northumberland County administers zoning for unincorporated parcels3. The Town of Kilmarnock, which reaches into Northumberland County, controls zoning within its boundaries; onsite sewage and private-well approvals remain with Three Rivers Health District195.

In Northumberland County's R-1 Residential General and R-2 Residential Waterfront districts, structures need 35 feet from a street right-of-way at least 50 feet wide, or 60 feet from the center line of a narrower right-of-way; corner lots also need a 35-foot side-street setback2021. Approved R-1 and R-2 variances in 2024 were parcel-specific, not blanket reductions; a later R-2 notice describes a request, not an approval222324. Ask Building & Zoning for the parcel's full setback schedule, including side and rear yards259.

Minimum lot area is 1 acre in A-1 and R-2, and 3/4 acre in R-1 and R-4; R-4 allows 1/2 acre with both public water and sewer26272829. R-3 has no fixed minimum, but lots using individual sewage disposal need Health Official area approval; public water and sewer systems are exempt from area regulations30.

How do septic and well permits work in Northumberland County?

The Virginia Department of Health's Three Rivers Health District handles onsite sewage and private-well approvals in Northumberland County5. Call Environmental Health at (804) 580-8827 or visit 6373 Northumberland Highway, Suite B, Heathsville, VA 2247331. An onsite-system construction permit covers a specified location, remains valid for 18 months and does not transfer when ownership changes7. After installation and inspection, the Health Department's operation permit is needed for the local building official's certificate-of-occupancy process32. A new private well requires a permit and Health Department inspection, a well driller's construction report and, for drinking water, a satisfactory sample showing no bacteria12. When a private well serves a property with onsite sewage, the well must be approved before the sewage-system operation permit can be issued12. Only about 4.4% of county land lacks severe limits for a conventional drain field, so make the site-and-soil evaluation an early purchase contingency13.

Can you live in an RV or tiny home in Northumberland County?

We could not confirm a Northumberland County rule that broadly allows or prohibits living in an RV on private land; ask the Building & Zoning Department about the parcel's district and proposed occupancy9. Virginia's temporary-campground rule does not answer private-parcel RV living because it applies to permitted campground operations33. We also could not confirm a county-specific tiny-home occupancy rule. A foundation-built tiny home still goes through the county's building-permit and zoning processes134. A manufactured home follows a different statewide path: placement must be allowed in qualifying agricultural districts, while placement in certain other residential districts requires conversion to real property, an individual lot and a timely certificate of occupancy35.

What are the steps to build in Northumberland County?

  1. Ask the Building & Zoning Department to identify the parcel's zoning district and full setback schedule before finalizing a site plan925.
  1. Start onsite sewage and private-well review with Three Rivers Health District early because conventional drain-field suitability is severely limited across most county land513.
  1. Select the county's published building, trade, zoning and land-disturbing forms, then email the completed Building and Zoning forms as directed4.
  1. File with the county building official before covered construction begins1.
  1. For an owner-built primary residence, file the written licensing-exemption statement and proof of required taxes or license fees before building-permit issuance; the exemption covers no more than 1 owned primary residence for personal use per 24 months and still requires building-code compliance36.
  1. Complete building, septic and well inspections; the onsite system needs a Health Department operation permit before the local certificate-of-occupancy process can finish153212.
  1. Obtain the certificate of occupancy before occupying the building or changing its occupancy, subject to the listed accessory-structure and residential-addition exceptions37.
  1. Obtain a VDOT land-use permit before constructing or changing an entrance on a VDOT-maintained highway38.

What should you check before buying Northumberland County land?

Confirm the parcel's zoning, setbacks and intended use with Northumberland County Building & Zoning before closing349. A proposed land division needs subdivision review; the published fee document lists $50 per plat and $5 per lot, but ask Building & Zoning to confirm the current charges and design standards399.

For rentals lasting fewer than 30 consecutive days, Northumberland County generally requires $75 annual registration by January 1, or within 60 days of the initial offering; specified exemptions apply40. Registration does not replace zoning approval: vacation rentals in R-3 need a conditional use permit, and the application requires approved sanitation, bedroom-based occupancy limits and 1 off-street parking space per bedroom41.

Check septic feasibility and the seller's approval: only about 4.4% of county land lacks severe conventional drain-field limitations, and septic construction permits do not transfer with ownership137. A private-well permit costs $300; a replacement-well fee is refundable after receipt of the old well's abandonment report12. Otherwise exempt work may need a building permit in a special flood hazard area42. Farmland averages about $3,890 per acre; the effective property-tax rate is about 0.5%, with a median annual bill of $1,602434445.

Watch-outs

  • A septic construction permit lasts 18 months and does not transfer to a new owner, so verify permit status before relying on a seller's approval7.
  • Northumberland County's RV, tiny-home, minimum-size, lot-coverage and height rules could not be confirmed; get a parcel-specific answer from the Building & Zoning Department9.
  • The owner-builder exemption covers contractor licensing, not building-code compliance or other county approvals; before selling, obtain a certificate of occupancy unless the purchaser gives the statutory written acknowledgment and consent836.

Sources

  1. 13VAC5-63-80. Section 108 Application for permit, quoted and re-checked
  2. Building & Zoning, quoted and re-checked
  3. Building & Zoning, quoted and re-checked
  4. Building & Zoning, quoted and re-checked
  5. Environmental Health Services - Three Rivers Health District, quoted and re-checked
  6. Virginia Uniform Statewide Building Code (USBC), quoted and re-checked
  7. Environmental Health Services - Three Rivers Health District, quoted and re-checked
  8. § 54.1-1101. Exemptions; failure to obtain certificate of occupancy; penalties, quoted and re-checked
  9. Northumberland County Building & Zoning Department (co.northumberland.va.us)
  10. Northumberland County - Building and Zoning (2026 county census)
  11. Building & Zoning (2026 county census)
  12. Environmental Health Services - Three Rivers Health District, quoted and re-checked
  13. Share of soils USDA rates "not limited" for a conventional septic drain field (SSURGO). A strict rating: the median county is about 6% and a tenth of counties are 0%, so a low figure means most lots need a site evaluation or an engineered system, not that septic is impossible. Cite it only with that caveat: Bolthole Index county data
  14. Codes, quoted and re-checked
  15. 13VAC5-63-80. Section 108 Application for permit, quoted and re-checked
  16. Code of Virginia § 36-99. Provisions of Code; modifications (Virginia statewide rule), quoted and re-checked
  17. Chapter 68. Fee Schedule, quoted and re-checked
  18. Forms & Permits, quoted and re-checked
  19. Town of Kilmarnock: Planning & Zoning - Kilmarnock, Virginia (Northumberland County), quoted and re-checked
  20. Article IV: Residential General District R-1 - Northumberland County, VA, quoted and re-checked
  21. Article V: Residential Waterfront District R-2 - Northumberland County, VA, quoted and re-checked
  22. Building & Zoning, quoted and re-checked
  23. Building & Zoning, quoted and re-checked
  24. Notice of Public Hearing — August 5, 2025, quoted and re-checked
  25. Article II: Conservation District C-1 - Northumberland County, VA, quoted and re-checked
  26. Article III: Agricultural District A-1, quoted and re-checked
  27. Article V: Residential Waterfront District R-2, quoted and re-checked
  28. Article IV: Residential General District R-1, quoted and re-checked
  29. Article VII: Residential Recreational District R-4, quoted and re-checked
  30. Article VI: Residential Restricted District R-3, quoted and re-checked
  31. Northumberland County Health Department, Environmental Health (vdh.virginia.gov)
  32. Environmental Health Services - Three Rivers Health District, quoted and re-checked
  33. 12VAC5-450 Rules and Regulations Governing Campgrounds (Virginia statewide rule), quoted and re-checked
  34. Building & Zoning, quoted and re-checked
  35. § 15.2-2290. Uniform regulations for manufactured housing (Virginia statewide rule), quoted and re-checked
  36. § 54.1-1101. Exemptions; failure to obtain certificate of occupancy; penalties, quoted and re-checked
  37. 13VAC5-63-160. Section 116 Certificates of occupancy, quoted and re-checked
  38. Land use permits (Virginia statewide rule), quoted and re-checked
  39. Chapter 68. Fee Schedule, quoted and re-checked
  40. Northumberland County Code for Short-Term Rental Registry, quoted and re-checked
  41. Northumberland County Code for Short-Term Rental Registry, quoted and re-checked
  42. 13VAC5-63-80. Section 108 Application for permit (Virginia statewide rule), quoted and re-checked
  43. Farmland value per acre (USDA census): Bolthole Index county data
  44. Effective property tax rate: Bolthole Index county data
  45. Median property tax bill: Bolthole Index county data

Written October 12, 2026 from the rules quoted below, each taken from an official source and re-checked by an independent reviewer. This is research, not legal advice: rules change, so confirm with the office before you buy or build.

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Compared with neighboring counties

Like all 6 of its neighbors, Northumberland County requires a building permit for a home.

RuleNorthumberland CountyLancaster CountyMiddlesex CountyRichmond CountyWestmoreland CountyMathews CountyKing and Queen County
Building permitRequiredRequiredRequiredRequiredRequiredRequiredRequired
County zoningYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
Septic permitsVA Dept. of HealthVA Dept. of HealthVDHVDHVA Dept. of HealthVA Dept. of HealthVA Dept. of Health

County locator

Northumberland County in Virginia

74
County map
Northumberland County highlighted among the Virginia counties · colored by Index score

How Northumberland County scores

Seclusion69100% ev.
Self-Sufficiency6499% ev.
Admin Boringness44100% ev.
Durability62100% ev.
Property Autonomy66100% ev.
Carry Cost77100% ev.

Evidence strength: 100%. This reports direct-source completeness and fallback use; it is separate from the score and is not a confidence interval. How it works →

$374kTypical home
0.5%Property tax
$3,890Land / acre
46.1"Annual rain
2.4% of yrsSevere drought
4.1 / yr (+3.9)Mid-century 100°F days
13.2 daysMid-century dry spell
2.23" (+6.5%)Mid-century 1-day rain
1.43×Wildfire change factor
100%Forward climate coverage
$1,882Home insurance / yr
2% / yrInsurance growth
0.82%Nonrenewal rate
county median (2+ published ZIPs)Insurance basis
12,459People within 30 min
2,693,891People within 2 hr
24,004Radius comparison (15 mi)
64.7People / sq mi
0%Federal land
79.4%Land at 15% slope or less
4.4%Soils rated "not limited" for septic (strict USDA rating)
3,944 acWorkable land screen
54%Wooded land
70.6 tonsBiomass / forest ac
58°FAvg temp

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Answers from the rulebook for Northumberland County

What the ordinances and state agencies actually say — one answer per question, each quoted from the official source and independently re-checked.

Northumberland County rules

  • Building code adoptedAdopted

    Building codes and standards enforced by Northumberland County's Building and Zoning Department.

    “The department establishes building codes and standards for the construction of buildings and addresses virtually all aspects of construction, including design requirements, building materials, parking, resistance to natural disasters, and trades such as electric and plumbing.”
  • County-wide zoningPresent (with conditions)

    Zoning regulation in Northumberland County's unincorporated areas.

    • The county Building and Zoning Department reviews development plans and enforces zoning ordinances.
    • The cited county page does not establish that the ordinance applies inside incorporated municipalities.
    “The Building and Zoning Department is responsible for reviewing and approving development plans, enforcing zoning ordinances, investigating land use violations, and providing the public information related to the zoning requirements in their jurisdiction.”
  • Local zoningPresent

    County zoning regulation administered by Northumberland County, including zoning ordinances, development-plan review, zoning permits, conditional use permits, and enforcement.

    • This is a countywide aggregate claim about the county's own zoning system; it does not attribute each private covenant or any separate municipal ordinance to the county.
    • The county Building and Zoning Department enforces zoning ordinances and investigates land-use violations.
    • The county's zoning permit form states that use must conform to the County Zoning Ordinance, Subdivision Ordinance, and other applicable county and Virginia laws.
    “The Building and Zoning Department is responsible for reviewing and approving development plans, enforcing zoning ordinances, investigating land use violations, and providing the public information related to the zoning requirements in their jurisdiction.”
    One more reviewed finding on this topic
    • Present (with conditions) — County zoning administered by Northumberland County, with local zoning controls applying to parcels in the county's unincorporated jurisdiction.
      “Zoning regulations and ordinances in Northumberland County, Virginia”
  • Minimum lot sizeDistrict specific (with conditions)

    Lots containing or intended to contain permitted uses in the Residential Recreational District R-4.

    • The minimum lot area may be reduced to 1/2 acre where both public sewer and water are available.
    • Public water and sewer systems are exempt from area regulations.
    • Any area designated for open space, parks, and/or other leisure-time recreational activities must remain open space if the recreational activity ceases.

    minimum lot area: 0.75 acre (Where both public sewer and water are available, the minimum lot area can be reduced to 1/2 acre; public water and sewer systems are exempt from area regulations.) · reduced minimum lot area: 0.5 acre (Only where both public sewer and water are available.)

    “minimum lot area shall be 3/4 acre. Where both public sewer and water are available, the minimum lot area can be reduced to 1/2 acre.”
    4 more reviewed findings on this topic
    • Specified — Lots containing or intended to contain permitted uses in the Agricultural District A-1.
      “For lots containing or intended to contain permitted uses, the minimum lot area shall be one acre.”
    • Specified — Lots containing or intended to contain permitted uses in the Residential General District R-1.
      “For lots containing or intended to contain permitted uses, the minimum lot area shall be 3/4 acre.”
    • Specified — Lots containing or intended to contain permitted uses in the Residential Waterfront District R-2.
      “For lots containing or intended to contain permitted uses, the minimum lot area shall be one acre.”
    • District specific (with conditions) — Permitted uses in the Residential Restricted District R-3.
      “None, except that, for permitted uses utilizing individual sewerage disposal systems, the required area for any such use shall be approved by the Health Official.”
  • SetbacksDistrict specific (with conditions)

    Structures, including a qualifying tiny-home dwelling, in the unincorporated Northumberland County zoning districts identified below.

    • The cited setback rules are district-specific and apply to structures generally; applicability can vary with the zoning district, street-right-of-way width, family-division status, corner-lot status, and other ordinance provisions.
    • In C-1, the family-division setback is 50 feet or more from a street right-of-way at least 50 feet wide, or 75 feet or more from the center line of a narrower right-of-way.
    • R-1, R-2, and R-4 also impose minimum side and rear yards for main structures; the cited claim parameters record the front/street setback only.
    • R-3 measures the setback from the center line of the street right-of-way and uses different thresholds based on right-of-way width.

    C-1 street setback, right-of-way at least 50 feet wide: >= 100 feet (family divisions use 50 feet or more from the right-of-way) · C-1 street setback, right-of-way less than 50 feet wide: >= 125 feet (measured from the center line; family divisions use 75 feet or more) · R-1 street setback, right-of-way at least 50 feet wide: >= 35 feet · R-1 street setback, right-of-way less than 50 feet wide: >= 60 feet (measured from the center line) · R-2 street setback, right-of-way at least 50 feet wide: >= 35 feet · R-2 street setback, right-of-way less than 50 feet wide: >= 60 feet (measured from the center line) · R-3 street setback, right-of-way 30 feet wide or less: >= 25 feet (measured from the center line) · R-3 street setback, right-of-way greater than 30 feet wide: >= 40 feet (measured from the center line) · R-4 street setback, right-of-way at least 50 feet wide: >= 35 feet · R-4 street setback, right-of-way less than 50 feet wide: >= 60 feet (measured from the center line)

    “Structures shall be located 100 feet or more from any street right-of-way which is 50 feet or greater in width or 125 feet or more from the center line of any street right-of-way less than 50 feet in width. This line shall be known as the "setback line." The minimum setback for family divisions shall be located 50 feet or more from any street right-of-way which is 50 feet or greater in width or 75 feet or more from the center line of any street right-of-way less than 50 feet in width.”
    7 more reviewed findings on this topic
    • District specific (with conditions) — Structures in the county R-1 Residential General zoning district in unincorporated Northumberland County.
      “Structures shall be located 35 feet or more from any street right-of-way which is 50 feet or greater in width or 60 feet or more from the center line of any street right-of-way less than 50 feet in width. This shall be known as the "setback line." [...] The side yard on the side facing the side street shall be 35 feet or more for both main and accessory buildings.”
    • District specific (with conditions) — Structures in the county R-2 Residential Waterfront zoning district in unincorporated Northumberland County.
      “Structures shall be located 35 feet or more from any street right-of-way which is 50 feet or greater in width or 60 feet or more from the center line of any street right-of-way less than 50 feet in width. This shall be known as the "setback line." [...] The side yard on the side facing the side street shall be 35 feet or more for both main and accessory buildings.”
    • Specified — A structure on Tax Map Parcel #2-(1)112 at 2032 Mundy Point Road, identified in the county Board of Zoning Appeals minutes as zoned R-2, Residential Waterfront.
      “The Board then heard a request by, John Lamb, Jr., owner, for a variance to the Northumberland County Zoning Ordinance, Article V, Section 148-49 to allow a structure less than the required 60 feet from the center line of the street right-of-way on property zoned R-2, Residential Waterfront.”
    • Specified — An existing structure and proposed addition on Tax Map Parcel #27-(1)125-C at 213 Runners Lane, identified in the county Board of Zoning Appeals minutes as zoned R-1, Residential General.
      “The Board then heard a request by, James T. Newsome, Jr., owner, for a variance to the Northumberland County Zoning Ordinance, Article IV, Section 148-36 to allow an existing structure and a proposed addition less than the required 60 feet from the center line of the street right-of-way on property zoned R-1, Residential General”
    • District specific (with conditions) — Structures on property zoned R-2, Residential Waterfront, in Northumberland County.
      “Request by Guy Raymond, owner, for a variance to the Northumberland County Zoning Ordinance, Article V, Sections 148-49 to allow a structure less than the required 60 feet from the center line of the street right-of-way on property zoned R-2, Residential Waterfront.”
    • District specific (with conditions) — Structures on property zoned R-1, Residential General, in Northumberland County.
      “The Board then heard a request by, James T. Newsome, Jr., owner, for a variance to the Northumberland County Zoning Ordinance, Article IV, Section 148-36 to allow an existing structure and a proposed addition less than the required 60 feet from the center line of the street right-of-way on property zoned R-1, Residential General”
    • District specific (with conditions) — Structures on the identified R-2, Residential Waterfront property at Tax Map Parcels 4-B(6)-29 and 30, 493 and 503 Judith Sound Road.
      “Request by Wanda V. Wachter, owner, for a variance to the Northumberland County Zoning Ordinance, Article V, Sections 148-49 to allow a structure less than the required 35 feet minimum setback from the street right-of-way on property zoned R-2, Residential Waterfront. The property is located on Tax Map Parcel # 4-B(6)-29 & 30 at 493 & 503 Judith Sound Road.”
  • Who permits septicState

    Onsite sewage and private-water-well permitting and approval in Northumberland County through the Three Rivers Health District of the Virginia Department of Health.

    • The onsite system installer or well driller must be properly licensed.
    • The Health Department issues or administers the applicable operation and construction approvals described on the page.
    “If you apply for a Certification Letter or Construction Permit from your local Health Department and want us to perform the site and soil evaluation and design services for your system, your permit or letter will be prepared and issued by one of our Environmental Health Specialists—who are all licensed professional Onsite Soil Evaluators.”
  • Septic permitRequired

    Construction of an onsite sewage disposal system in Northumberland County.

    • Construction permits authorize construction only at a specified location.
    • Permits are valid for 18 months.
    • Permits do not transfer with a change of property ownership.
    • An operation permit is required after installation and inspection before a Certificate of Occupancy can be received.
    • A certification letter does not authorize actual system construction.

    construction permit validity: 18 months (does not transfer with a change of property ownership)

    “Construction Permits authorize the construction of a sewage disposal system in a certain location. They are valid for 18 months, and do not transfer with a change of property ownership.”
  • Septic inspectionRequired

    Installed onsite sewage systems in Northumberland County.

    • The system must be installed and inspected before an Operation Permit is issued.
    • An Operation Permit is needed to receive a Certificate of Occupancy from the local building official.
    “After your system is installed and inspected, you will need an Operation Permit from the Health Department to receive a Certificate of Occupancy from the local building official.”
  • Well permitRequired

    Private water wells in Northumberland County within the Three Rivers Health District.

    • A private well must be approved before an operation permit can be issued when it is used with an onsite sewage system.
    • A new well must be inspected by the local Health Department.
    • The Health Department must receive a Well Driller’s Construction Report.
    • Drinking wells require satisfactory water sample results showing no bacteria.
    • The well permit fee is $300, with a refund when replacing an older well after the abandonment report is received.

    well permit fee: 300 USD (Replacement-well refund is available upon receipt of the abandonment report.)

    “Most drinking water wells permitted in Three Rivers Health District are class IIIA or IIIB wells, commonly referred to as ‘artesian’ or ‘drilled’ wells. These wells are required to have a certain depth of casing and are grouted around the casing to prevent surface contamination.”
  • Subdividing landRegulated (with conditions)

    Subdivision review and plat fees administered by Northumberland County.

    • The county fee schedule lists subdivision fees of $50 per plat and $5 per lot.
    • A complete subdivision ordinance and all substantive design standards were not established from the opened official material.

    subdivision plat fee: 50 USD per plat · subdivision lot fee: 5 USD per lot

    “Subdivision fees $50.00 per plat and $5.00 per lot”
  • Short-term rentalsLimited

    Short-term rentals, defined as rooms or spaces offered for dwelling, sleeping, or lodging for fewer than 30 consecutive days, in Northumberland County.

    • All operators must register annually on or before January 1, or within 60 days of the initial offering and thereafter annually on or before January 1.
    • Each registration requires the operator's complete name and the address of each short-term-rental property.
    • The registration fee is $75.00.
    • Registration exemptions apply to specified real-estate licensees or represented owners, Virginia time-share registrations, Virginia Department of Health lodging licensees or registrants, and specified county-licensed or registered rental-management businesses including hotels, motels, campgrounds, and bed-and-breakfast establishments.
    • Failure to register is subject to a $500.00 penalty per violation; the operator may not continue offering the property until the penalty is paid and the property is registered.
    • Repeated violations may prohibit registration and offering the property; multiple violations on more than three occasions of applicable state and local laws may prohibit offering the specific property.
    • The 2025 county application requires VDH-approved sanitary facilities, VDH bedroom limits and restrictions, occupancy conforming to VDH bedroom requirements, county-permitted bedroom limits for municipal or central sewage, a Building Official use-group determination when the request exceeds five bedrooms, complete operator contact information, and at least one off-street parking space per bedroom with no on-street parking.
    • The county zoning ordinance revision approved May 11, 2023 requires a conditional use permit for a vacation home rental in R-3 Residential Restricted zoning.
    • The registry chapter does not supersede the county's general land-use and zoning authority or private covenants and similar agreements.

    rental duration: < 30 consecutive days · annual registration fee: 75 USD · failure-to-register penalty: 500 USD per violation · off-street parking: 1 space per bedroom (no on-street parking) · bedroom threshold for Building Official use-group determination: > 5 bedrooms

    “Northumberland County, Virginia hereby establishes a short-term rental registry. All operators within Northumberland County shall register annually, on or before January 1st or within 60 days of the initial offering of a short-term rental and then thereafter annually on or before January 1st, with the Zoning Administrator for Northumberland County upon such forms as may be prescribed.”
    One more reviewed finding on this topic
    • Limited — Short-term rentals providing dwelling, sleeping, or lodging space for fewer than 30 consecutive days in Northumberland County.
      “All operators within Northumberland County shall register annually, on or before January 1st or within 60 days of the initial offering of a short-term rental and then thereafter annually on or before January 1st, with the Zoning Administrator for Northumberland County upon such forms as may be prescribed.”
  • Permit feesPublished

    Northumberland County permit and related fees.

    • The fee schedule is set annually by Board of Supervisors resolution and may be modified during the fiscal year.
    • The schedule includes amended entries dated 10-12-2023 and other amendment notes.

    zoning permit: 75 USD · building square footage fee: 0.12 USD per square foot (including double-wide) · subdivision plat fee: 50 USD per plat · subdivision lot fee: 5 USD per lot · building inspection short-term rental: 100 USD

    “The Fee Schedule for Northumberland County shall be set by Resolution adopted by the Board of Supervisors annually. The Board of Supervisors reserves the right to modify the fee schedule at any time during the fiscal year to ensure costs are adequately being covered.”
  • Permit processPublished

    Northumberland County Building and Zoning permit process and forms.

    • The county publishes forms for building, electrical, land disturbing, landscape plan, mechanical, plumbing, safe adequate, short-term rental, and zoning permits.
    • The Building and Zoning page directs applicants to the Forms and Permits page for access.
    “Building Permit Application Electrical Permit Application Land Disturbing Permit Application Landscape Plan Agreement Mechanical Permit Application Plumbing Permit Application Safe Adequate Form Short Term Rental Application Zoning Permit Application”
    One more reviewed finding on this topic
    • Published — County building, electrical, mechanical, plumbing, zoning, land-disturbing, and short-term-rental permit application process.
      “To access a Building Permit, Mechanical Permit, Plumbing Permit, Electrical Permit, Zoning Permit, Land Disturbing Permit, Landscape Plan Agreement, Short Term Rental Application, or a Safe Adequate Form, please see Forms and Permits.”

Virginia rules that apply here

  • Building permitRequired

    Construction or demolition of buildings or structures, and the listed installations or alterations, throughout Virginia under the Virginia Uniform Statewide Building Code.

    • A permit must be obtained before commencement of construction or demolition of a building or structure and specified installations or alterations.
    • For emergency construction, alterations, or equipment replacement, the application must be submitted by the end of the first working day after work commences; the building official may authorize work to commence pending receipt of the application or issuance of the permit.
    • Applications and related inspections are not required for the listed exemptions, including specified low-voltage or communications installations; one-story detached tool or storage sheds, playhouses, or similar structures not exceeding 256 square feet and not classified as Group F-1 or H; detached utility buildings not exceeding 150 square feet; tents or air-supported structures covering 900 square feet or less with occupant load of 50 or less; fences subject to stated exceptions; concrete or masonry walls not exceeding six feet; qualifying retaining walls supporting less than three feet of unbalanced fill; qualifying swimming pools not exceeding 150 square feet and less than 24 inches deep; qualifying signs; same-capacity replacement LP-gas containers; flagpoles 30 feet or less; qualifying temporary ramps; minor and ordinary construction work; listed ordinary repairs; qualifying crypts, mausoleums, and columbaria not exceeding 1,500 square feet; and billboard safety upgrades.
    • A permit may nevertheless be required for exempt replacement siding, roofing, and windows in a locality-designated historic district or for exempt items in a special flood hazard area.
    • A permit applicant must provide proof of contractor licensure or certification, or a written statement that the applicant is not subject to contractor or subcontractor licensure or certification; the applicant must also provide proof that required county, city, or town taxes or license fees have been paid.

    detached exempt structure area: <= 256 square feet (must be one story, detached, used as a tool or storage shed, playhouse, or similar use, and not Group F-1 or H) · detached utility building area: <= 150 square feet (must house publicly regulated utility equipment) · tent or air-supported structure area: <= 900 square feet (occupant load must be 50 or less) · concrete or masonry wall height: <= 6 feet (measured above finished grade) · retaining wall unbalanced fill: < 3 feet (must not impound Class I, II, or III-A liquids or support a surcharge other than ordinary unbalanced fill) · small swimming pool surface area: <= 150 square feet (must be less than 24 inches deep) · flagpole height: <= 30 feet · temporary dwelling ramp entrance height: <= 30 inches (serving Groups R-3 or R-5 dwelling units) · crypt, mausoleum, or columbarium area: <= 1500 square feet (must not be for occupancy, must be used solely for interment, and must not be subject to special inspections)

    “Application for a permit shall be made to the building official and a permit shall be obtained prior to the commencement of any of the following activities, except that applications for emergency construction, alterations, or equipment replacement shall be submitted by the end of the first working day that follows the day such work commences.”
    One more reviewed finding on this topic
    • Required — Construction, removal, or improvement activities regulated by the Virginia Uniform Statewide Building Code and administered locally in Northumberland County.
      “Application for a permit shall be made to the building official and a permit shall be obtained prior to the commencement of any of the following activities, except that applications for emergency construction, alterations, or equipment replacement shall be submitted by the end of the first working day that follows the day such work commences.”
  • Owner-builder exemptionConditional

    An owner-builder performing or supervising construction, removal, repair, or improvement of no more than one primary residence that the owner owns and uses, including in Northumberland County.

    • The exemption applies to no more than one primary residence owned by the person and for the person's own use during any 24-month period.
    • Before permit issuance, the applicant must provide satisfactory proof of contractor licensure/certification or file a written statement that the applicant is not subject to contractor or subcontractor licensure or certification.
    • The applicant must provide satisfactory proof that county, city, or town taxes or license fees required to qualify for the work have been paid.
    • The building official may not issue the permit unless the applicant provides a license or certificate number or evidence of exemption.
    • Persons exempt under this provision must comply with the Uniform Statewide Building Code.
    • A certificate of occupancy is required before conveying the property to a third-party purchaser, unless the purchaser acknowledges in writing that no certificate has been issued and consents to acquire the property without one.

    primary residences per 24-month period: <= 1 residence

    “Any person who performs or supervises the construction, removal, repair, or improvement of no more than one primary residence owned by him and for his own use during any 24-month period;”
    3 more reviewed findings on this topic
    • Available (with conditions) — A person performing or supervising construction, removal, repair, or improvement of no more than one primary residence owned by that person and for that person's own use during any 24-month period.
      “Any person who performs or supervises the construction, removal, repair, or improvement of no more than one primary residence owned by him and for his own use during any 24-month period;”
    • Available (with conditions) — A person performing or supervising construction, removal, repair, or improvement of no more than one primary residence owned by that person and for that person's own use during any 24-month period.
      “7. Any person who performs or supervises the construction, removal, repair, or improvement of no more than one primary residence owned by him and for his own use during any 24-month period;”
    • Conditional — A person performing or supervising construction, removal, repair, or improvement of one primary residence owned by that person and for that person's own use, for contractor-licensing purposes.
      “Any person who performs or supervises the construction, removal, repair, or improvement of no more than one primary residence owned by him and for his own use during any 24-month period;”
  • InspectionsRequired

    Construction or permits subject to the Virginia Uniform Statewide Building Code, with inspections administered by the applicable local building official or approved inspection agency.

    • The building official must conduct the listed minimum inspections when applicable to the construction or permit.
    • The minimum inspections include footings, foundations, preparatory concrete work, structural members and fasteners before concealment, electrical/mechanical/plumbing systems before concealment, energy-conservation materials before concealment, and final inspection.
    • Where construction cost is less than $2,500, an inspection may be waived at the inspecting authority's discretion.
    • The permit holder must provide ladders, scaffolding, or test equipment necessary for a requested inspection and must notify the building official when an inspection stage is reached.
    • Approved third-party inspection reports may be accepted under the building official's written policy.
    • A final inspection is required upon completion of construction for which a permit was issued.

    construction cost threshold for discretionary inspection waiver: < 2500 USD (inspection may be waived at the discretion of the inspecting authority)

    “The following minimum inspections shall be conducted by the building official when applicable to the construction or permit:”
    One more reviewed finding on this topic
    • Limited — Inspections associated with Virginia Uniform Statewide Building Code permit work in Northumberland County.
      “Notwithstanding the requirements of Section 108.1, application for a permit and any related inspections shall not be required for the following; however, this section shall not be construed to exempt such activities from other applicable requirements of this code. In addition, when an owner or an owner's agent requests that a permit be issued for any of the following, then a permit shall be issued and any related inspections shall be required.”
  • Certificate of occupancyRequired

    Occupancy or change of occupancy of buildings or structures regulated by the Virginia Uniform Statewide Building Code.

    • A certificate of occupancy must be obtained before occupancy or change of occupancy.
    • The building official issues it within five working days after approval of the final inspection and determination of compliance with the code and pertinent laws or ordinances.
    • A certificate of occupancy is not required for an IRC accessory structure.
    • A new certificate of occupancy is not required for an addition to an existing Group R-5 building that already has a certificate of occupancy.
    • A temporary certificate may be issued before completion if the portion can be occupied safely without endangering life or public safety.
    • For certain contractor-license exemptions, a certificate of occupancy must still be obtained before conveying the property to a third-party purchaser unless the purchaser acknowledges in writing that none was issued and consents to acquire without one.

    certificate issuance deadline after final inspection approval: 5 working days (when the building or structure is determined to comply with the code and pertinent laws or ordinances)

    “Prior to occupancy or change of occupancy of a building or structure, a certificate of occupancy shall be obtained in accordance with this section.”
    One more reviewed finding on this topic
    • Required — Occupancy or change of occupancy of buildings and structures in Northumberland County under the Virginia Uniform Statewide Building Code.
      “Prior to occupancy or change of occupancy of a building or structure, a certificate of occupancy shall be obtained in accordance with this section.”
  • Manufactured homesLimited

    Placement and occupancy of manufactured homes in Virginia localities that adopt and enforce zoning ordinances.

    • In agricultural zoning districts, or similarly classified districts where agricultural, horticultural, or forest uses are dominant and site-built housing is allowed, placement of manufactured homes must be permitted.
    • In other zoning districts where site-built housing is allowed, the manufactured home must be converted to real property under § 46.2-653.1, have its certificate of occupancy issued within five years following the manufacture date on the data plate, and be placed on an individual lot.
    • Localities may adopt uniform standards applying to all residential structures in the zoning district, but those standards may not exclude manufactured housing compliant with the Virginia Manufactured Housing Construction and Safety Standards Law.
    • Restrictive covenants may continue to impose obligations.
    • Local zoning and land-use controls that do not affect construction or installation remain in force; site preparation, utility connections, skirting, and maintenance must meet the Uniform Statewide Building Code.

    certificate of occupancy deadline from manufacture date: <= 5 years (date listed on the home's data plate) · placement requirement: individual lots

    “the placement of manufactured homes shall be permitted for manufactured homes that are (i) converted to real property in accordance with § 46.2-653.1”
  • Accessory dwellingsAllowed (with conditions)

    Accessory dwelling units on residential dwelling lots in single-family residential zoning districts, under Virginia Code § 15.2-2292.4 effective July 1, 2027.

    • The ADU must be attached or detached, provide complete independent living facilities, be on the same lot as a proposed or existing primary residence, and include facilities for living, sleeping, eating, cooking, and sanitation.
    • The locality must treat ADUs as a permitted accessory use in single-family residential zoning districts, subject to the statute's listed exceptions and conditions.
    • An applicant must first obtain an ADU permit from the locality; the locality may charge no more than $500 for that permit, in addition to applicable inspection, site, or building permit fees.
    • Localities may require a rental lease term of at least 30 consecutive days; replacement or dedicated parking; floor-area, lot-coverage, and impervious-area limits of at least 350 square feet on lots under 2,500 square feet and at least 500 square feet on lots of 2,500 square feet or greater; building-code, water, sewer, septic, emergency-access, flood-zone, stormwater, historic-district, corridor-protection, and Air Installations Compatible Use Zone compliance; owner occupancy of either the ADU or primary dwelling at application; an ADU no more than 500 feet from the primary dwelling; no ADU on a residential lot with more than one dwelling unit; and no separate sale or subdivision from the primary dwelling.
    • Localities may not require rear or side setbacks greater than those applicable to the primary dwelling or accessory structures, more restrictive ADU restrictions regarding height, rear or side setbacks, lot size or coverage, or building frontage than for single-family dwellings in the same zoning area, restrictive covenants concerning an ADU on a qualifying lot, public-street improvements except for repair or reconstruction of construction-related disturbance, or consanguinity or affinity between occupants.
    • The statute does not supersede private contracts, recorded declarations, condominium instruments, common-interest-community declarations, cooperative instruments, or property-owners'-association declarations.
    • The statute does not apply to existing ADU permits approved before July 1, 2027.
    • The statute does not restrict a locality from passing before July 1, 2027, an ADU ordinance or amendment that substantially complies with the statute.
    • The statute does not apply to a locality that adopted an ADU ordinance before January 1, 2026.

    ADU permit fee maximum: <= 500 USD (Additional inspection, site, or building permit fees may apply.) · minimum floor-area limit on lots under 2,500 square feet: >= 350 square feet (Locality may impose limits on floor area, lot coverage, and impervious area.) · minimum floor-area limit on lots of at least 2,500 square feet: >= 500 square feet (Locality may impose limits on floor area, lot coverage, and impervious area.) · maximum ADU distance from primary dwelling: <= 500 feet (A locality may require this limit.) · effective date: 2027-07-01

    “§ 15.2-2292.4. (Effective July 1, 2027) Development and use of accessory dwelling units. [...] Zoning ordinances for single-family residential zoning districts shall be deemed to include accessory dwelling units as a permitted accessory use, and no locality shall require compliance with any other requirements except as provided in this section.”
  • Agricultural exemptionConditional

    Farm buildings and structures under the Virginia Uniform Statewide Building Code.

    • A farm building or structure is not used for residential purposes, is located on property where farming operations take place, and is used primarily for a listed farm use.
    • The exemption does not apply to a building or portion of a building on a farm that is operated as a restaurant and licensed by the Board of Health under Chapter 2 (§ 35.1-11 et seq.) of Title 35.1.
    • Farm buildings and structures in a flood plain or mudslide-prone area remain subject to applicable flood-proofing or mudslide regulations.
    • A qualifying agritourism farm building or structure where the public is invited to enter and which is used for display, sampling, or sale described in § 36-99 must have portable fire extinguishers, a simple written emergency plan, and the required exemption sign.
    “Notwithstanding the provisions of this section, farm buildings and structures shall be exempt from the provisions of the Building Code, except for a building or a portion of a building located on a farm that is operated as a restaurant as defined in § 35.1-1 and licensed as such by the Board of Health pursuant to Chapter 2 (§ 35.1-11 et seq.) of Title 35.1.”
  • Driveway accessRequired

    Construction or modification of entrances connecting to VDOT-maintained highways and activities in VDOT highway right-of-way.

    • The requirement applies to state-maintained highways and right-of-way under VDOT jurisdiction.
    • Entrance location and design must comply with VDOT access-management regulations and design standards.
    • Applications are typically obtained through the VDOT district or residency office serving the locality.
    • An existing entrance also requires a land-use permit when modified because of a change in land use, traffic volume, or type of traffic.
    “Anyone who plans to work or perform an activity on or crossing any right of way under the jurisdiction of the Department must first obtain a land use permit. These include activities such as installation of utilities, construction of private and commercial entrances, landscaping, the temporary use of the right-of-way, as well as numerous other types of activities.”
  • Building in a floodplainRequired

    Work otherwise exempt from a Virginia Uniform Statewide Building Code permit when located in a special flood hazard area.

    • The building official may require a permit for items that are otherwise exempt under the permit-application section when they are located in a special flood hazard area.
    • The rule does not establish that every floodplain development project is exempt from other local floodplain, building, zoning, or federal requirements.
    “Application for a permit may be required by the building official for any items exempted in this section that are located in a special flood hazard area.”
  • Campground & park staysLimited

    Recreational vehicles and other camping units offered as campsites in Virginia campgrounds, including facilities with three or more campsites and travel-trailer camps; this claim does not establish a general residential right to occupy an RV outside the specified campground framework.

    • A campground includes land or facilities accommodating camping units for periods of overnight or longer and includes travel trailer camps.
    • A campground must be permitted by the Virginia Department of Health and is inspected annually by local health department staff.
    • Offering three or more campsites may require a campground permit, including short-term or online-advertised camping.
    • Temporary campground permits allow up to 14 days of temporary camping, consecutively or nonconsecutively, within a 60-day period.
    • Temporary campgrounds must provide at least one portable toilet per 75 campers, make sewage-tank pumping available when RVs are present, and provide an acceptable water source.
    • The statutory definition excludes property where an individual owner may choose to camp, provided the owner is not prohibited or encumbered by covenants, restrictions, or conditions from providing sanitary facilities within the owner's property lines.
    • Other exclusions include summer camps, migrant labor camps, parks for manufactured homes, construction camps, and storage areas for unoccupied camping units.

    minimum campsites for campground definition: >= 3 campsites (The individual-owner camping exception and other statutory exclusions apply.) · temporary campground permit duration: <= 14 days (In a 60-day period, consecutively or nonconsecutively.) · temporary campground permit period: 60 days · portable toilets: per 1 per 75 campers (Temporary campgrounds.)

    “"Campground" means any area, place, parcel, or tract of land, by whatever name called, on which three or more campsites are occupied or intended for occupancy, or facilities are established or maintained, wholly or in part, for the accommodation of camping units for periods of overnight or longer [...] "Camping unit" means any device or vehicular type structure for use as temporary living quarters or shelter during periods of recreation, vacation, leisure time, or travel, including any tent, tent trailer, travel trailer, camping trailer, pickup camper, or motor home.”
    One more reviewed finding on this topic
  • county zoning authorityGeneral

    Virginia counties adopting and administering zoning ordinances over unincorporated territory statewide.

    • The zoning power is exercised by county governing bodies through ordinance.
    • County zoning jurisdiction covers unincorporated territory; incorporated areas are under municipal jurisdiction.
    • The statute permits regulation of land uses, structures, dimensional standards, open spaces, and excavation or mining, including residential and flood-plain uses.
    “For the purpose of zoning, the governing body of a county shall have jurisdiction over all the unincorporated territory in the county, and the governing body of a municipality shall have jurisdiction over the incorporated area of the municipality.”
  • county building authorityGeneral

    Virginia counties administering and enforcing the Uniform Statewide Building Code and issuing building permits for construction, including residential construction, in county jurisdiction.

    • Virginia's building code is a Uniform Statewide Building Code adopted by the State Board; it supersedes county building codes and regulations.
    • The county's role is local administration and enforcement through a local building department, not independent adoption of a conflicting county building code.
    • A county without a building department or local board of Building Code appeals must enter an agreement with another county, municipality, agency, or approved state agency for enforcement and appeals.
    • A town with a population of less than 3,500 may elect to administer and enforce the Building Code; if it does not, the county administers and enforces the Code for that town.
    • Buildings may be inspected before completion and are not deemed compliant until approved by the inspecting authority; inspections under $2,500 construction cost may be waived at the inspecting authority's discretion.
    • Building permit and enforcement fees may be levied by the local governing body.
    • Farm buildings and structures are exempt from the Building Code except for a farm building or portion operated as a licensed restaurant; farm buildings in flood plains or mudslide-prone areas remain subject to applicable flood-proofing or mudslide regulations.

    small-town population threshold: < 3500 people (The town may elect to administer and enforce the Building Code; otherwise the county administers it for the town.) · inspection-waiver construction cost threshold: < 2500 USD (The inspecting authority may waive inspection at its discretion.)

    “Enforcement of the provisions of the Building Code for construction and rehabilitation shall be the responsibility of the local building department. [...] Whenever a county or a municipality does not have such a building department or board of Building Code appeals, the local governing body shall enter into an agreement with the local governing body of another county or municipality or with some other agency, or a state agency approved by the Department for such enforcement and appeals resulting therefrom.”

Still unanswered

We looked and could not find an official answer yet. Silence is not permission — ask the county directly.

  • Zoning districts — Published zoning districts, zoning maps, and district-specific controls in Northumberland County.
  • Minimum dwelling size — Minimum dwelling size in unincorporated Northumberland County.
  • Lot coverage — Lot coverage limits in unincorporated Northumberland County.
  • Building height — Building-height limits in unincorporated Northumberland County.
  • Living in an RV — Long-term or residential recreational-vehicle occupancy on private land in unincorporated Northumberland County.
4 more unanswered
  • Camping on your land
  • Tiny homes
  • Off-grid sanitation
  • Mandatory utility hookup

Each answer was extracted from an official source and independently re-checked against that source by a second reviewer. That is an evidence check, not legal advice. Rules change; confirm with the authority before you buy or build.

Water rights & wells in Northumberland County

Whether a new home can legally get its own water here — the sub-state groundwater regime, from Virginia’s water agency.

Over-appropriated / declining

The aquifer here is over-appropriated and declining. A domestic well is usually still permit-exempt, but long-term supply is a genuine risk.

Household wellExempt — no permit or water right

Household wells are exempt from the groundwater withdrawal permit even inside a Groundwater Management Area, but a private well in a GWMA must be registered with DEQ within 30 days (Va. Code 62.1-258); a permit is triggered only at 300,000 gal/month.

Limit: < 300,000 gal/month (no withdrawal permit)

Virginia DEQ — Ground Water Withdrawal Permitting ↗
  • Eastern Virginia Groundwater Management Areapartial of county

    DEQ has imposed mandatory withdrawal reductions on large Coastal Plain permittees because permitted demand exceeds sustainable aquifer yield (declining heads, land subsidence, saltwater-intrusion risk). Household wells (<300,000 gal/mo) are exempt but must be registered. The I-95-west counties (Fairfax, Chesterfield, Hanover, Henrico, Prince William, Spotsylvania, Stafford, Caroline) are included only east of I-95.

    Virginia DEQ / 9VAC25-600-20 ↗

Regulated-riparian state (large uses permitted). Groundwater rules change and basin boundaries follow the aquifer, not the county line — confirm current well and appropriation rules with the Virginia state water agency before you buy or drill.Groundwater governance as of Jul 2026, cited to each administering agency.

Living off-grid in Northumberland County, Virginia

Is Northumberland County a good place to live off-grid or homestead?

Northumberland County scores 74/100 on the Bolthole Index, a strong county profile. Its strengths: manageable long-term carry cost and sparse surroundings — about 12,459 people within a 30-minute drive.

Do you need a building permit in Northumberland County, Virginia?

Northumberland County generally requires a residential building permit, and it enforces county zoning. Onsite septic is permitted by Virginia Department of Health - Three Rivers Health District. Owner-builders may act as their own contractor to build their home. These answers are quoted from official sources and independently re-checked. Rules change and cities within the county differ — always confirm with the county before you buy or build.

How much does land cost in Northumberland County, Virginia?

Land in Northumberland County runs about $3,890 per acre, based on the latest county data.

What is the water situation in Northumberland County?

Northumberland County gets about 46.1" of rain a year, with severe drought in roughly 2.4% of years. On water rights, Northumberland County lies in the Eastern Virginia Groundwater Management Area — DEQ has imposed mandatory withdrawal reductions on large Coastal Plain permittees because permitted demand exceeds sustainable aquifer yield (declining heads, land subsidence, saltwater-intrusion risk). Household wells (<300,000 gal/mo) are exempt but must be registered. The I-95-west counties (Fairfax, Chesterfield, Hanover, Henrico, Prince William, Spotsylvania, Stafford, Caroline) are included only east of I-95..

How remote is Northumberland County?

A representative private-land location has about 12,459 people within a 30-minute drive and 2,693,891 within two hours. The road-network catchments count population across county lines and clusters of smaller cities; straight-line radius values remain available as a comparison.

How Northumberland compares in Virginia

Compare side-by-side →See all 133 Virginia counties ranked →